ecobiodevelopmental theory asserts that:

Acronym for Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up; ABC is an evidence-based program of interventions to assist foster parents in nurturing children who have experienced disruptions in care. The previous policy statement12 and technical report2 on childhood toxic stress noted the 10 adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) studied in the landmark ACEs Study that began in the 1990s: physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; physical or emotional neglect; problematic parental substance misuse; parental mental illness; parental separation or divorce; intimate partner violence; and an incarcerated house member.23 These adversities are associated with a wide array of negative outcomes in a dose-dependent manner, such that the higher the ACE score (1 point for each category experienced before the age of 18 years), the higher the risk for unhealthy behaviors such as tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use; risky sexual behaviors; and obesity.23,24 Dose-dependent relationships have also been found between ACE scores and several of the leading causes of adult morbidity and mortality,23,24 including cardiovascular disease,25 lung disease,26 liver disease,27 mental illness,28 and cancer.29, These well-established associations between ACEs and poor health outcomes decades later highlight the importance of understanding the biological mechanisms that allow adversity in childhood to get under the skin and to negatively impact life-course trajectories.3036 As discussed in the 2012 AAP technical report,2 toxic stress responses, in which the physiologic stress response to adversity is large, chronic, and unmitigated by social-emotional buffers, are one such mechanism. The concept of childhood toxic stress taps into a rich literature on the biology of adversity and explains the danger in overlooking significant adversity in childhood. Taken together, these diverse lines of inquiry suggest that it may not actually be the wide spectrum of childhood adversity that drives poor outcomes but the degree to which that adversity drives shame, guilt, anger, alienation, disenfranchisement, and degree of social isolation.181,182 If so, the proposed public health approach toward the promotion of SSNRs is needed, not only to buffer adversity and promote resilience but also to begin bridging political, religious, economic, geographic, identity-based, and ideological divides that increase social isolation, encourage tribalism, diminish empathy, and, ultimately, drive poor outcomes in the medical, educational, social service, and justice systems. Symbolic interactionism theory asserts that society is composed of symbols and can be understood and analyzed by addressing the subjective meanings that people attach to objects, events, and behaviors that they consider as symbols. Toxic stress is a deficits-based approach because it is focused on the problem: those biological processes triggered by significant adversity in the absence of SSNRs. Identify and address potential barriers to SSNRs. To prevent childhood toxic stress responses and support optimal development across the life span, the promotion of relational health needs to become an integral component of pediatric care and a primary objective for pediatric research and advocacy. Primary preventions in the toxic stress framework are focused on how to prevent the wide array of adversities that might precipitate a toxic stress response. Relational health explains how SSNRs buffer adversity and promote the skills needed to be resilient in the future. Scientists now theorize that toxic stress causes epigenetic changes that allow trauma to be transmitted over the generations. SSNRs not only buffer adversity when it occurs but also proactively build the foundational social and emotional skills that lead to resilience in the face of future adversity. The ecobiodevelopmental model suggests that, to improve the likelihood of positive developmental outcomes across the life span, efforts should be made to improve the salient features of the childs environment. (2) Challenge to Dominant Ideology: CRT challenges the claims of neutrality, objectivity, colorblindness, and meritocracy in society. The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the urgent need to provide all children with the SSNRs that buffer unexpected adversities and build the skills necessary to be resilient. FCPMHs are well-suited and even inclined to support the formation and maintenance of SSNRs as outlined in this policy statement, but they are not currently funded to do so.205. Advocate that health systems, payers, and policy makers at all levels of government align incentives and provide funding to promote the universal primary prevention work discussed in this policy statement. Although pediatric and early childhood professionals have long recognized the parent-child relationship as foundational,2022 the elemental nature of relational health is not reflected in much of our current training, research, practice, and advocacy. To usher in these fundamental reforms, more pediatricians will need to assume leadership positions outside the realm of clinical care.202,203 In addition, pediatric training programs will need to educate residents about the ecobiodevelopmental model, train them on how to develop strong therapeutic relationships with parents and caregivers, teach them how to model nurturing and affirming interactions with children of all ages, train them how to encourage caregivers to have positive relational experiences with children of all ages, prepare them to work as part of interdisciplinary teams144,150 (eg, integrated with behavioral health and social service professionals), educate them on how to develop collaborative partnerships with community referral resources, and encourage them to become vocal advocates for public policies that promote safe, stable, and nurturing families and communities. Relational health is a strengths-based approach because it is focused on solutions: those individual, family, and community capacities that promote SSNRs, buffer adversity, and build resilience. More importantly, they are rarely integrated vertically with other programs that layer on additional efforts to address barriers to relational health (eg, SDoHs) or already strained or compromised relationships (eg, PCIT) when needed. Preventing childhood toxic stress responses, promoting resilience, and optimizing development will require that all children be afforded the SSNRs that buffer a wide range of adversities and build the foundational skills needed to cope with future adversity in an adaptive, health-promoting manner. Empirical explorations of an evolutionary-developmental theory, Biological sensitivity to context: I. In the presence of SSNRs, a limited degree of childhood adversity (eg, normative childhood frustrations and setbacks) can lead to the positive stress responses that build the rudiments of resilience: a set of social and emotional skills that allow children to adapt to future adversity in a healthy manner. The 3 principles described above, each of which is grounded in the research literature, provide a science-based framework for developing innovative strategies to promote SSNRs at the dyadic level, family level, and community level. Proposing that the public health approach also be integrated horizontally across multiple public service sectors (eg, health care, behavioral health, education, social services, justice, and faith communities) because SSNRs are promoted in safe, stable, and nurturing families that have access to safe, stable, and nurturing communities with a wide range of resources and services. Perhaps the most important critique of Kohlberg's theory is that it may describe the moral development of males better than it describes that of females (Jaffee & Hyde, 2000). The first one is the Transactional of Development Model, proposed by Sameroff (Sameroff & Chandler, 1975; Sameroff & Fiese, 2000). BStC, biological sensitivity to context; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder. Relational health explains how the individual, family, and community capacities that support the development and maintenance of SSNRs also buffer adversity and build resilience across the life course. The Healthy Outcomes From Positive Experiences framework promotes relational health through positive childhood experiences, such as being in nurturing, supportive relationships; living, developing, playing, and learning in safe, stable, protective, and equitable environments; having opportunities for constructive social engagement and connectedness; and learning social and emotional competencies.126,127. Simply put, public policies, social constructs, and societal norms that divide, marginalize, alienate, and isolate are clear threats to the well-being of all children. Repair strained or compromised relationships. Thats number one. Assessed key tenets from the ecobiodevelopmental model regarding environmental chaos. Intimate Partner Violence Exposure in Early Childhood: An Ecobiodevelopmental Perspective | Health & Social Work | Oxford Academic Abstract. Vulnerability theory recognizes that the human experience of constant vulnerability varies as a result of stages in the life-course, social institutions, and law, which often trace intersecting forms of oppression on the basis of race, gender, sexuality, disability, and class. 2. Feminist theory asserts that gender is a social construct and that the unequal treatment of women is a result of patriarchal norms and values. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity, Risky decision making from childhood through adulthood: contributions of learning and sensitivity to negative feedback, Biological sensitivity to context moderates the effects of the early teacher-child relationship on the development of mental health by adolescence, Links between shared reading and play, parent psychosocial functioning, and child behavior: evidence from a randomizedcontrolled trial, Attendance at well-child visits after Reach Out and Read, Reach Out and Read: evidence based approach to promoting early child development, Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting, Maintenance of treatment gains: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed Triple P-Positive Parenting Program, Home visiting and the biology of toxic stress: opportunities to address early childhood adversity, Guiding principles for team-based pediatric care, Training pediatric residents in a primary care clinic to help address psychosocial problems and prevent child maltreatment, Linking urban families to community resources in the context of pediatric primary care, Medical-legal strategies to improve infant health care: a randomized trial, Applying a 3.0 transformation framework to guide large-scale health system reform. Research done by author Mary Eberstadt shows that the sexual revolution was a Pandora's Box, unleashing many of the ills . "The . Psychology - 9.2: Lifespan Theories by CNX Psychology is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Refers to efforts to repair the harm that occurs with unjust behaviors, as opposed to retributive or punitive justice, which simply punishes those who have acted unjustly. Its components emerge in infancy and are dependent on genetic, medical, and environmental factors. Contributors and Attributions. In addition to the domains and timing of chaos, ecobiodevelopmental theory argues that the intensity of environmental chaos is important- that adverse environmental experiences which are deep, prolonged, and extensive are more detrimental to children's health and well-being than unfavorable experiences that . It was heralded as a good thing. Developmental science is only beginning to understand the way relational health buffers adversity and builds resilience, but emerging data suggest that responsive interactions between children and engaged, attuned adults are paramount.1,16,114,115 Not only are infants programmed to connect socially and emotionally with adult caregivers,116 but the brains of parents of newborn infants appear to be reprogrammed to connect with their infants.117 Imaging studies of new parents demonstrate changes in several major brain circuits, including a reward circuit, social information circuit, and emotional regulation circuit.117,118 The reward circuit includes the striatum, ventral tegmental area, anterior cingulated cortex, and prefrontal cortex, where dopamine and rising levels of oxytocin interact to make social interactions more rewarding, thereby encouraging more parental engagement in infant care.118,119 The social information circuit includes structures such as the anterior insula, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and supplemental motor area, which support internal representations of what others may be experiencing and more empathic responses to infant behaviors.118,119 Finally, the emotional regulation circuit includes the amygdala, superior temporal sulcus, temporoparietal junction, and prefrontal cortex, which promote social cognition and a downregulation of the stress response.118,119 The convergent conclusion from these preliminary imaging studies of the parental brain is clear: much like the infant brain, the parental brain is programmed to connect.

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